Udemy – Mastering Embedded ‘System Programming’ on ARM Cortex-M4 2023-3 – Downloadly

• The process of manipulating memory on the microcontroller directly via macros or via structure pointers
• Although pointers for embedded systems look similar to their workstation counterparts, there are subtle differences that can break programs if not handled carefully.
• In embedded firmware development, since program efficiency, determinism, energy efficiency, memory size, writing efficient C programs and tracking the assembly code compiled from C/C++ is very important.
• The interrupt handling process is complex, and the generated stack frames differ between implementations such as floating-point stacking and floating-point stacking and unstacking. Interrupt preemption is a complex feature and must be used with caution.
• The linking and build processes are also widely misunderstood. The topics of object files, portability, and icon resolution present unique challenges, and consolidated information about them is scarce.
• The object file format is also a grey area that can cause a lot of confusion while understanding the linking process. The various tables in the object file such as symbol table, displacement table are difficult to understand without proper guidance.
• I/O pin configuration also presents challenges if the power and circuitry of the pin is not well understood. There are many configurations in which each pin of a microcontroller can work, such as open drain, pull-up, high impedance, etc.
• The clock tree is also very complex for high-end microcontrollers. Multiple clock sources feeding clocks to various subsystems make the initial learning curve very steep. In addition, high-frequency clocks are driven by PLLs, which are themselves complex circuits and require a lot of understanding when configuring them.
• Initializing the processor can be difficult, especially the part where the memory is reset after each reset. Understanding the .text, .data, and .bss sections and setting them up correctly at startup presents unique challenges.

In this course I try to address all the above challenges with theory, diagrams, animation and code. There are many demos to explain the difficult concepts. I cleared all the concepts through extensive debugging sessions in the IDE while inspecting various subsystems of the controller in real time. I have taken the following steps to address the challenges

• Access to memory and operations in various ways such as macros and structures. I gradually developed the concepts until I reached the final form of phrases. I have shown examples of incorrect memory access and their drawbacks through structures. Real-time bitwise operations are checked in the debugger.
• To understand the linking process, I created code samples and first compiled each source file manually and viewed the ELF object files, symbol tables and displacement tables with disassembly. When the files are compiled into a single object file by the linker, the symbol resolution and code and symbol displacement are explained clearly by looking at the final object file. The linker script file is explained in detail with pictures before and after initialization of memory.
• An extensive debugging session of the startup process that reveals how the processor adjusts memory in real time. The reset controller is described and illustrated in C. The process of initializing the .data segment in RAM and initializing the .bss segment and stack is shown in full detail.
• The make process is explained using several makefiles, each increasing in complexity little by little, until the final make-file is written and fully explained. The build dependency diagram is explained and several possible error scenarios in make are discussed to explain how makefiles deal with it. This is a comprehensive and enabling treatment of make that helps developers write templates for deeply embedded systems.
• Interrupt handling is shown in detail with theory. Representation and theory of interrupt handling and preemption for non-floating and floating-point configurations. Concepts such as lazy stacking in the debugger are explained and demonstrated.
• Clock tree explained in detail. PLL calculations for frequency tuning. Principle of operation of PLL with explanation of various subsystems of PLL like voltage controlled oscillator, frequency divider, phase frequency detector, low pass filter with pictures, animations and timing diagrams. Show initialization of registers in clock tree subsystem in debugger.
• I/O circuits and then I/O pin configuration. All pin modes are described, such as push-pull, open-drain, analog, and alternate functions.

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Quality: 720p